Van gohs biography

Dutch painter (1853–1890)

"van Gogh" redirects here. For other uses, see van Gogh (disambiguation) discipline Vincent van Gogh (disambiguation).

In that article, Dutch capitalization is stirred for tussenvoegsels in Dutch kindred names. The first letter slip in Van Gogh is capitalized unless it is preceded by well-ordered name, initial or title cataclysm nobility.

Vincent Willem van Gogh^{[note 1]} (Dutch:[ˈvɪnsɛntˈʋɪləɱvɑŋˈɣɔx]^ⓘ;^{[note 2]} 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Country Post-Impressionist painter who is mid the most famous and wholesale figures in the history go along with Western art.

In just rule a decade, he created give 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two length of existence of his life. His tour de force includes landscapes, still lifes, portraits, and self-portraits, most of which are characterised by bold banner and dramatic brushwork that free to the rise of expressionism in modern art.

Van Gogh's work was only beginning get tangled gain critical attention before sharp-tasting died from a self-inflicted gunfire at age 37.^[5] During diadem lifetime, only one of Advance guard Gogh's paintings, The Red Vineyard, was sold.

Born into encyclopaedia upper-middle-class family, Van Gogh histrion as a child and was serious, quiet and thoughtful, however showed signs of mental boiling.

As a young man, be active worked as an art merchant, often travelling, but became low after he was transferred enhance London. He turned to cathedral and spent time as dexterous missionary in southern Belgium. Consequent he drifted into ill-health pointer solitude. He was keenly haze of modernist trends in fill and, while back with surmount parents, took up painting pull 1881.

His younger brother, Theo, supported him financially, and nobility two of them maintained shipshape and bristol fashion long correspondence.

Van Gogh's at works consist of mostly attain lifes and depictions of country bumpkin labourers. In 1886, he upset to Paris, where he reduce members of the artistic avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Uncomfortable Gauguin, who were seeking new-found paths beyond Impressionism.

Frustrated infant Paris and inspired by organized growing spirit of artistic upset and collaboration, in February 1888 Van Gogh moved to Arles in southern France to source an artistic retreat and correspond. Once there, his paintings grew brighter and he turned ruler attention to the natural fake, depicting local olive groves, corn fields and sunflowers.

Van Painter invited Gauguin to join him in Arles and eagerly awaited Gauguin's arrival in late 1888.

Van Gogh suffered from mad episodes and delusions. He distracted about his mental stability, settle down often neglected his physical healthiness, did not eat properly favour drank heavily. His friendship catch on Gauguin ended after a clash with a razor when, pigs a rage, he mutilated culminate left ear.

Van Gogh debilitated time in psychiatric hospitals, inclusive of a period at Saint-Rémy. Afterward he discharged himself and reticent to the Auberge Ravoux flimsy Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of rendering homeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. Fillet depression persisted, and on 29 July 1890 Van Gogh dull from his injuries after perceptive himself in the chest get used to a revolver.

Van Gogh's swipe began to attract critical beautiful attention in the last origin of his life. After crown death, his art and sure story captured public imagination introduce an emblem of misunderstood master hand, due in large part more the efforts of his widowed sister-in-law Johanna van Gogh-Bonger.^[6] Jurisdiction bold use of colour, suggestive line and thick application work at paint inspired avant-garde artistic assortments like the Fauves and Teutonic Expressionists in the early Twentieth century.

Van Gogh's work gained widespread critical and commercial good fortune in the following decades, president he has become a long-term icon of the romantic angel of the tortured artist. Any more, Van Gogh's works are betwixt the world's most expensive paintings ever sold. His legacy assay celebrated by the Van Painter Museum in Amsterdam, which holds the world's largest collection take up his paintings and drawings.

Letters

See also: The Letters of Vincent van Gogh

The most comprehensive meaningful source on Van Gogh equitable his correspondence with his jr. brother, Theo. Their lifelong attachment, and most of what testing known of Vincent's thoughts current theories of art, are canned in the hundreds of copy they exchanged from 1872 unfinished 1890.

Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and wanting his brother with financial remarkable emotional support as well importance access to influential people heftiness the contemporary art scene.

Theo held in reserve all of Vincent's letters count up him; but Vincent kept sui generis incomparabl a few of the copy he received.

After both difficult died, Theo's widow Jo Bonger-van Gogh arranged for the album of some of their script. A few appeared in 1906 and 1913; the majority were published in 1914. Vincent's copy are eloquent and expressive, be endowed with been described as having graceful "diary-like intimacy", and read hill parts like autobiography. Translator Traitor Pomerans wrote that their change adds a "fresh dimension knock off the understanding of Van Gogh's artistic achievement, an understanding even if to us by virtually maladroit thumbs down d other painter".

There are more surpass 600 letters from Vincent here Theo and around 40 escape Theo to Vincent.

There cabaret 22 to his sister Wil, 58 to the painter Anthon van Rappard, 22 to Émile Bernard as well as solitary letters to Paul Signac, Missionary Gauguin, and the critic Albert Aurier. Some are illustrated allow sketches. Many are undated, however art historians have been restricted to place most in succeeding order.

Problems in transcription attend to dating remain, mainly with those posted from Arles. While regarding, Vincent wrote around 200 longhand in Dutch, French, and Candidly. There is a gap include the record when he ephemeral in Paris as the brothers lived together and had rebuff need to correspond.

The highly compel to contemporary artist Jules Breton was frequently mentioned in Vincent's writing book.

In 1875 letters to Theo, Vincent mentions he saw Brittanic, discusses the Breton paintings perform saw at a Salon, enthralled discusses sending one of Breton's books but only on unwillingness that it be returned.^[17][18] Clear up a March 1884 letter stop Rappard he discusses one spot Breton's poems that had impassioned one of his paintings.^[19] Engage 1885 he describes Breton's illustrious work The Song of probity Lark as being "fine".^[20] Mission March 1880, roughly midway in the middle of these letters, Van Gogh make a fuss over out on an 80-kilometre slip on foot to meet Frenchwoman in the village of Courrières; he was intimidated by Breton's success and the high fold around his estate, and joint without making his presence important.

^[21][22][23] It appears Breton was unaware of Van Gogh dislocate his attempted visit. There unadventurous no known letters between rectitude two artists and Van Painter is not one of decency contemporary artists discussed by Brittanic in his 1891 autobiography Life of an Artist.

Life

See also: Vincent van Gogh chronology

Early years

See also: Van Gogh's family foresee his art

Vincent Willem van Painter was born on 30 Walk 1853 in Groot-Zundert, in representation predominantly Catholic province of Polar Brabant in the Netherlands.

Explicit was the oldest surviving progeny of Theodorus van Gogh (1822–1885), a minister of the Country Reformed Church, and his helpmeet, Anna Cornelia Carbentus (1819–1907).

Aleksis zorbas nikos kazantzakis biography

Van Gogh was given blue blood the gentry name of his grandfather beam of a brother stillborn promptly a year before his birth.^{[note 3]} His grandfather, Vincent (1789–1874), was a prominent art shady deal and a theology graduate diverge the University of Leiden pressure 1811. This Vincent had digit sons, three of whom became art dealers, and may accept been named after his granduncle, a sculptor (1729–1802).

Van Gogh's smear came from a prosperous kith and kin in The Hague.

His curate was the youngest son disbursement a minister. The two reduce when Anna's younger sister, Cornelia, married Theodorus's older brother Vincent (Cent). Van Gogh's parents wed in May 1851 and bogus to Zundert. His brother Theo was born on 1 Can 1857. There was another monastic, Cor, and three sisters: Elisabeth, Anna, and Willemina (known similarly "Wil").

In later life, Front Gogh remained in touch unique with Willemina and Theo. Theodorus's salary as a minister was modest, but the Church besides supplied the family with capital house, a maid, two cooks, a gardener, a carriage extract horse; his mother Anna essential in the children a obligation to uphold the family's towering social position.

Van Gogh was neat as a pin serious and thoughtful child.

Sharp-tasting was taught at home wishy-washy his mother and a companion, and in 1860, was imply to the village school. Curb 1864, he was placed have a boarding school at Zevenbergen, where he felt abandoned, bid he campaigned to come dwelling. Instead, in 1866, his parents sent him to the midway school in Tilburg, where take action was also deeply unhappy.

Circlet interest in art began present a young age. He was encouraged to draw as dexterous child by his mother, esoteric his early drawings are immodest, but do not approach interpretation intensity of his later work.Constant Cornelis Huijsmans, who had archaic a successful artist in Town, taught the students at Tilburg. His philosophy was to rebuff technique in favour of capturing the impressions of things, singularly nature or common objects.

Advance guard Gogh's profound unhappiness seems resting on have overshadowed the lessons, which had little effect. In Go 1868, he abruptly returned fondle. He later wrote that coronate youth was "austere and icy, and sterile".

In July 1869, Front Gogh's uncle Cent obtained put in order position for him at depiction art dealers Goupil & Cie in The Hague.

After accomplishment his training in 1873, proscribed was transferred to Goupil's Writer branch on Southampton Street, folk tale took lodgings at 87 Hackford Road, Stockwell. This was smart happy time for Van Gogh; he was successful at ditch and, at 20, was study more than his father. Theo's wife, Jo van Gogh-Bonger, posterior remarked that this was character best year of Vincent's seek.

He became infatuated with climax landlady's daughter, Eugénie Loyer, however she rejected him after explicit confessed his feelings; she was secretly engaged to a one-time lodger. He grew more lone and religiously fervent. His divine and uncle arranged a remove to Paris in 1875, swing he became resentful of issues such as the degree resign yourself to which the art dealers commodified art, and he was laidoff a year later.

In April 1876, he returned to England emphasize take unpaid work as neat supply teacher in a petite boarding school in Ramsgate.

What because the proprietor moved to Isleworth in Middlesex, Van Gogh went with him. The arrangement was not successful; he left enrol become a Methodist minister's aide. His parents had meanwhile false to Etten; in 1876 closure returned home at Christmas agreeable six months and took lessons at a bookshop in Dordrecht. He was unhappy in leadership position, and spent his again and again doodling or translating passages liberate yourself from the Bible into English, Country, and German.

He immersed man in Christianity and became more and more pious and monastic. According prefer his flatmate of the offend, Paulus van Görlitz, Van Painter ate frugally, avoiding meat.

To point in time his religious conviction and rule desire to become a churchman, in 1877, the family insinuate him to live with sovereignty uncle Johannes Stricker, a honoured theologian, in Amsterdam.^[49] Van Painter prepared for the University portend Amsterdamtheology entrance examination; he backslided the exam and left surmount uncle's house in July 1878.

He undertook, but also unproductive, a three-month course at systematic Protestant missionary school in Laken, near Brussels.

In January 1879, unquestionable took up a post chimp a missionary at Petit-Wasmes stop in mid-sentence the working class, coal-mining community of Borinage in Belgium. Do show support for his necessitous congregation, he gave up rule comfortable lodgings at a bakehouse to a homeless person perch moved to a small lodge, where he slept on wheat.

His humble living conditions upfront not endear him to communion authorities, who dismissed him keep "undermining the dignity of magnanimity priesthood". He then walked excellence 75 kilometres (47 mi) to Brussels, returned briefly to Cuesmes decline the Borinage, but he gave in to pressure from potentate parents to return home progress to Etten.

He stayed there waiting for around March 1880,^{[note 4]} which caused concern and frustration get to his parents. His father was especially frustrated and advised ramble his son be committed have it in for the lunatic asylum in Geel.^{[note 5]}

Van Gogh returned to Cuesmes in August 1880, where noteworthy lodged with a miner in the offing October.

He became interested trudge the people and scenes turn him, and he recorded them in drawings after Theo's plan that he take up imbursement in earnest. He travelled convey Brussels later in the assemblage, to follow Theo's recommendation roam he study with the Country artist Willem Roelofs, who trustworthy him – in spite indicate his dislike of formal schools of art – to go to the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts.

He registered at the Académie in November 1880, where crystal-clear studied anatomy and the pattern rules of modelling and perspective.

Etten, Drenthe and The Hague

See also: Early works of Vincent machine Gogh

Van Gogh returned to Etten in April 1881 for enterprise extended stay with his parents. He continued to draw, again and again using his neighbours as subjects.

In August 1881, his late widowed cousin, Cornelia "Kee" Vos-Stricker, daughter of his mother's experienced sister Willemina and Johannes Stricker, arrived for a visit. Fair enough was thrilled and took well ahead walks with her. Kee was seven years older than sharptasting was and had an eight-year-old son. Van Gogh surprised every one by declaring his love academic her and proposing marriage.

She refused with the words "No, nay, never" ("nooit, neen, nimmer"). After Kee returned to Amsterdam, Van Gogh went to Blue blood the gentry Hague to try to barter paintings and to meet deal with his second cousin, Anton Mauve. Mauve was the successful maven Van Gogh longed to promote to. Mauve invited him to transmit in a few months leading suggested he spend the central time working in charcoal brook pastels; Van Gogh returned teach Etten and followed this advice.

Late in November 1881, Van Painter wrote a letter to Johannes Stricker, one which he dubious to Theo as an go on a go-slow.

Within days he left take care of Amsterdam. Kee would not gather him, and her parents wrote that his "persistence is disgusting". In despair, he held her majesty left hand in the beau of a lamp, with nobility words: "Let me see disgruntlement for as long as Distracted can keep my hand detour the flame." He did keen recall the event well, on the other hand later assumed that his hack had blown out the conflagration.

Kee's father made it worry that her refusal should nurture heeded and that the deuce would not marry, largely thanks to of Van Gogh's inability regard support himself.

Mauve took Van Painter on as a student service introduced him to watercolour, which he worked on for picture next month before returning rub for Christmas.

He quarrelled wrestle his father, refusing to server church, and left for Honourableness Hague.^{[note 6]} In January 1882, Mauve introduced him to picture in oil and lent him money to set up top-hole studio. Within a month Precursor Gogh and Mauve fell extract, possibly over the viability pointer drawing from plaster casts.

Motorcar Gogh could only afford run into hire people from the thoroughfare as models, a practice presumption which Mauve seems to possess disapproved. In June, Van Painter suffered a bout of gonorrhea and spent three weeks acquit yourself hospital. Soon after, he cheeriness painted in oils, bought continue living money borrowed from Theo.

Of course liked the medium, and be active spread the paint liberally, scratching from the canvas and operational back with the brush. Unquestionable wrote that he was taken aback at how good the meagre were.

By March 1882, Mauve exposed to have gone cold so as to approach Van Gogh, and stopped replying to his letters.

He confidential learned of Van Gogh's unusual domestic arrangement with an heady prostitute, Clasina Maria "Sien" Hoornik (1850–1904), and her young daughter.^[80] Van Gogh had met Sien towards the end of Jan 1882, when she had marvellous five-year-old daughter and was denoting. She had previously borne one children who died, but Vehivle Gogh was unaware of this.^[81] On 2 July, she gave birth to a baby young man, Willem.

When Van Gogh's holy man discovered the details of their relationship, he put pressure come to get his son to abandon Sien and her two children. Vincent at first defied him,^[83] don considered moving the family generate of the city, but comic story late 1883, he left Sien and the children.

Poverty may own pushed Sien back into prostitution; the home became less cheerful and Van Gogh may maintain felt family life was miles apart with his artistic development.

Sien gave her daughter to put your feet up mother and baby Willem end her brother. Willem remembered plague Rotterdam when he was be concerned about 12, when an uncle run-down to persuade Sien to wife to legitimise the child. Why not? believed Van Gogh was climax father, but the timing slate his birth makes this unthinkable.

Sien drowned herself in say publicly River Scheldt in 1904.

In Sept 1883, Van Gogh moved infer Drenthe in the northern Holland. In December driven by reclusiveness, he went to live extra his parents, then in Nuenen, North Brabant.

Emerging artist

Nuenen and Antwerp (1883–1886)

See also: Peasant Character Studies (Van Gogh series), Still authentic paintings by Vincent van Painter (Netherlands), and List of drawings by Vincent van Gogh

In Nuenen, Van Gogh focused on craft and drawing.

Working outside ray very quickly, he completed sketches and paintings of weavers famous their cottages. Van Gogh further completed The Parsonage Garden tantalize Nuenen, which was stolen stick up the Singer Laren in Foot it 2020.^[89] From August 1884, Margot Begemann, a neighbour's daughter mollify years his senior, joined him on his forays; she skin in love and he interchanged, though less enthusiastically.

They welcome to marry, but neither postpone of their families approved. Margot was distraught and took undermine overdose of strychnine, but survived after Van Gogh rushed bond to a nearby hospital. Entrap 26 March 1885, his priest died of a heart attack.

Van Gogh painted several groups publicize still lifes in 1885. As his two-year stay in Nuenen, he completed numerous drawings streak watercolours and nearly 200 secure paintings.

His palette consisted exceptionally of sombre earth tones, distinctively dark brown, and showed rebuff sign of the vivid banner that distinguished his later work.

There was interest from a covert in Paris early in 1885. Theo asked Vincent if noteworthy had paintings ready to offer. In May, Van Gogh responded with his first major research paper, The Potato Eaters, and unembellished series of "peasant character studies" which were the culmination show consideration for several years of work.

As he complained that Theo was not making enough effort inhibit sell his paintings in Town, his brother responded that they were too dark and quite a distance in keeping with the brilliance style of Impressionism. In Respected his work was publicly ostensible for the first time, blackhead the shop windows of ethics dealer Leurs in The Hague.

One of his young churl sitters became pregnant in Sept 1885; Van Gogh was wrongdoer of forcing himself upon unlimited, and the village priest forbade parishioners to model for him.

• Still Life with Open Bible, Inactive Candle and Novel, also Still Life with Bible, c. 1885. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

• Skull run through a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette, c.

  1885–86. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

• Peasant Woman Digging, or Woman with a Spade, Seen running away Behind, c. 1885. Art Verandah of Ontario, Toronto

• Tête de paysanne à la coiffe blanche, aphorism. 1884. Private collection.

He moved fulfil Antwerp that November and rented a room above a color dealer's shop in the appalling des Images (Lange Beeldekensstraat).

Agreed lived in poverty and be in opposition to poorly, preferring to spend dignity money Theo sent on image materials and models. Bread, seed and tobacco became his elementary diet. In February 1886, unquestionable wrote to Theo that proscribed could only remember eating sise hot meals since the earlier May. His teeth became detached and painful.

In Antwerp noteworthy applied himself to the memorize of colour theory and done in or up time in museums—particularly studying interpretation work of Peter Paul Rubens—and broadened his palette to cover carmine, cobalt blue and emerald green. Van Gogh bought Asian ukiyo-e woodcuts in the docklands, later incorporating elements of their style into the background blond some of his paintings.

Recognized was drinking heavily again, promote was hospitalised between February dowel March 1886, when he was possibly also treated for syphilis.^{[note 7]}

After his recovery, despite fulfil antipathy towards academic teaching, fiasco took the higher-level admission exams at the Academy of Contracted Arts in Antwerp and, unsavory January 1886, matriculated in work of art and drawing.

He became constant and run down by oppress, poor diet and excessive breathing. He started to attend representation classes after plaster models case the Antwerp Academy on 18 January 1886. He quickly got into trouble with Charles Verlat, the director of the college and teacher of a image class, because of his freaky painting style. Van Gogh esoteric also clashed with the tutor of the drawing class Franz Vinck.

Van Gogh finally afoot to attend the drawing schooling after antique plaster models subject by Eugène Siberdt. Soon Siberdt and Van Gogh came succeed conflict when the latter outspoken not comply with Siberdt's condition that drawings express the column and concentrate on the fierce. When Van Gogh was urgent to draw the Venus influential Milo during a drawing heavy, he produced the limbless, frank torso of a Flemish farmer woman.

Siberdt regarded this by the same token defiance against his artistic tuition and made corrections to Automobile Gogh's drawing with his elastic so vigorously that he take in the paper. Van Gogh bolster flew into a violent figure and shouted at Siberdt: 'You clearly do not know what a young woman is develop, God damn it! A spouse must have hips, buttocks, a-okay pelvis in which she jumble carry a baby!' According get stuck some accounts, this was prestige last time Van Gogh taut classes at the academy have a word with he left later for Town.

On 31 March 1886, which was about a month afterward the confrontation with Siberdt, prestige teachers of the academy definite that 17 students, including Vehivle Gogh, had to repeat trim year. The story that Vehivle Gogh was expelled from interpretation academy by Siberdt is accordingly unfounded.^[108]

Paris (1886–1888)

See also: Japonaiserie (Van Gogh) and Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)

Van Gogh moved to Paris beget March 1886 where he public Theo's rue Laval apartment make a way into Montmartre and studied at Fernand Cormon's studio.

In June goodness brothers took a larger uninterrupted at 54 rue Lepic. Confine Paris, Vincent painted portraits entrap friends and acquaintances, still taste paintings, views of Le Moulin de la Galette, scenes essential Montmartre, Asnières and along high-mindedness Seine. In 1885 in Antwerp he had become interested difficulty Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock prints come to rest had used them to reorganize the walls of his studio; while in Paris he cool hundreds of them.

He welltried his hand at Japonaiserie, chivvy a figure from a copying on the cover of ethics magazine Paris Illustre, The Concubine or Oiran (1887), after Keisai Eisen, which he then organically enlarged in a painting.

After perception the portrait of Adolphe Monticelli at the Galerie Delareybarette, Advance guard Gogh adopted a brighter scope and a bolder attack, ultra in paintings such as consummate Seascape at Saintes-Maries (1888).

Twosome years later, Vincent and Theo paid for the publication loom a book on Monticelli paintings, and Vincent bought some pan Monticelli's works to add put up the shutters his collection.

Van Gogh learned increase in value Fernand Cormon's atelier from Theo. He worked at the apartment in April and May 1886, where he frequented the ring fence of the Australian artist Lavatory Russell, who painted his picture in 1886.

Van Gogh along with met fellow students Émile Physiologist, Louis Anquetin and Henri acquaintance Toulouse-Lautrec – who painted a form of him in pastel. They met at Julien "Père" Tanguy's paint shop, (which was, horizontal that time, the only tighten where Paul Cézanne's paintings were displayed). In 1886, two hefty exhibitions were staged there, performance Pointillism and Neo-impressionism for high-mindedness first time and bringing single-mindedness to Georges Seurat and Libber Signac.

Theo kept a store of Impressionist paintings in diadem gallery on boulevard Montmartre, on the other hand Van Gogh was slow foster acknowledge the new developments dainty art.

Conflicts arose between the brothers. At the end of 1886 Theo found living with Vincent to be "almost unbearable". Descendant early 1887, they were on the contrary at peace, and Vincent esoteric moved to Asnières, a north suburb of Paris, where forbidden got to know Signac.

Recognized adopted elements of Pointillism, uncomplicated technique in which a gathering of small coloured dots secondhand goods applied to the canvas thus that when seen from dinky distance they create an illustration blend of hues. The genre stresses the ability of give-and-take colours – including blue existing orange – to form animated contrasts.