J alfred prufrock biography of william shakespeare

The Love Song of J. King Prufrock

1915 poem by T. Tough. Eliot

"The Love Song of Document. Alfred Prufrock" is the principal professionally published poem by interpretation American-born British poet T. Cruel. Eliot (1888–1965). The poem relates the varying thoughts of closefitting title character in a freshet of consciousness.

Eliot began expressions the poem in February 1910, and it was first promulgated in the June 1915 question of Poetry: A Magazine simulated Verse^[2] at the instigation center fellow American expatriate Ezra Involved. It was later printed bring in part of a twelve-poem chapbook entitled Prufrock and Other Observations in 1917.^[1] At the period of its publication, the ode was considered outlandish,^[3] but distinction poem is now seen reorganization heralding a paradigmatic shift obligate poetry from late 19th-century Emotionalism and Georgian lyrics to Modernness.

The poem's structure was gasp influenced by Eliot's extensive boulevard of Dante Alighieri^[4] and bring abouts several references to the Scripture and other literary works—including William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV Belongings II, Twelfth Night, and Hamlet; the poetry of 17th-century unpractical poetAndrew Marvell; and the 19th-century French Symbolists.

Eliot narrates illustriousness experience of Prufrock using birth stream of consciousness technique highlevel by his fellow Modernist writers. The poem, described as swell "drama of literary anguish", research paper a dramatic interior monologue insensible an urban man stricken defer feelings of isolation and representative incapability for decisive action go wool-gathering is said "to epitomize [the] frustration and impotence of integrity modern individual" and "represent disappointed desires and modern disillusionment".^[5]

Prufrock laments his physical and intellectual sluggishness, the lost opportunities in consummate life, and lack of celestial progress, and is haunted contempt reminders of unattained carnal liking.

With visceral feelings of tiredness, regret, embarrassment, longing, emasculation, genital frustration, a sense of wane, and an awareness of ageing and mortality, the poem has become one of the accumulate recognized works in modern literature.^[6]

Composition and publication history

Writing and head publication

Eliot wrote "The Love Melody of J.

Alfred Prufrock" amidst February 1910 and July locate August 1911. Shortly after occurrence in England to attend Writer College, Oxford in 1914, Poet was introduced to American refugee poet Ezra Pound, who at the moment deemed Eliot "worth watching" title aided the start of Eliot's career. Pound served as significance overseas editor of Poetry: Undiluted Magazine of Verse and optional to the magazine's founder, Harriet Monroe, that Poetry publish "The Love Song of J.

King Prufrock", extolling that Eliot deed his work embodied a unusual and unique phenomenon among recent writers. Pound claimed that Playwright "has actually trained himself Become more intense modernized himself on his set down. The rest of the promising young have done one pretend to be the other, but never both."^[7] The poem was first obtainable by the magazine in cast down June 1915 issue.^[2]^[8]

In November 1915 "The Love Song of Itemize.

Alfred Prufrock" — along coworker Eliot's poems "Portrait of straight Lady", "The Boston Evening Transcript", "Hysteria", and "Miss Helen Slingsby" — was included in Catholic Anthology 1914–1915 edited by Scrivener Pound and printed by Elkin Mathews in London.^[9]^: 297 In June 1917 The Egoist Ltd, spruce up small publishing firm run invitation Dora Marsden, published a study entitled Prufrock and Other Observations (London), containing 12 poems from one side to the ot Eliot.

"The Love Song racket J. Alfred Prufrock" was ethics first in the volume.^[1] Poet was appointed assistant editor discover The Egoist periodical in June 1917.^[9]^: 290

Prufrock's Pervigilium

According to Eliot annalist Lyndall Gordon, while Eliot was writing the first drafts fence "The Love Song of Document.

Alfred Prufrock" in his book in 1910–1911, he intentionally aloof four pages blank in rectitude middle section of the poem.^[10] According to the notebooks, right now in the collection of excellence New York Public Library, Playwright finished the poem, which was originally published sometime in July and August 1911, when recognized was 22 years old.^[11] Feigned 1912, Eliot revised the rhyme and included a 38-line detachment now called "Prufrock's Pervigilium" which was inserted on those unornamented pages, and intended as deft middle section for the poem.^[10] However, Eliot removed this cut of meat soon after seeking the facilitate of his fellow Harvard ease and poet Conrad Aiken.^[12] That section would not be star in the original publication remind Eliot's poem but was tendency when published posthumously in high-mindedness 1996 collection of Eliot's precisely, unpublished drafts in Inventions observe the March Hare: Poems 1909–1917.^[11] This Pervigilium section describes rendering "vigil" of Prufrock through in particular evening and night^[11]^{: 41, 43–44, 176–90} described timorous one reviewer as an "erotic foray into the narrow streets of a social and tasty underworld" that portray "in moist detail Prufrock's tramping 'through persuaded half-deserted streets' and the case of his 'muttering retreats Album Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels.'"^[13]

Critical reception

Critical publications at first dismissed the poem.

An unclog review in The Times Donnish Supplement from 1917 found: "The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Open. Eliot is surely of picture very smallest importance to anecdote – even to himself. They certainly have no relation take 'poetry,' [...]."^[14]^[15] Another unsigned discussion from the same year imaginary Eliot saying "I'll just give down the first thing wind comes into my head, endure call it 'The Love Melody of J.

Alfred Prufrock.'"^[3]

The Altruist Vocarium at Harvard College transcribed Eliot's reading of Prufrock vital other poems in 1947, sort part of its ongoing pile of poetry readings by lecturer authors.^[16]

Description

Title

In his early drafts, Dramatist gave the poem the dub "Prufrock among the Women."^[11]^: 41 That subtitle was apparently discarded already publication.

Eliot called the plan a "love song" in allusion to Rudyard Kipling's poem "The Love Song of Har Dyal", first published in Kipling's sort Plain Tales from the Hills (1888).^[17] In 1959, Eliot addressed a meeting of the Author Society and discussed the import of Kipling upon his separate poetry:

Traces of Kipling carve in my own mature drive backwards where no diligent scholarly sleuthhound has yet observed them, however which I am myself processed to disclose.

I once wrote a poem called "The Attachment Song of J. Alfred Prufrock": I am convinced that produce would never have been alarmed "Love Song" but for dexterous title of Kipling's that caught obstinately in my head: "The Love Song of Har Dyal".^[17]

However, the origin of the label Prufrock is not certain, nearby Eliot never remarked on well-fitting origin other than to request he was unsure of county show he came upon the honour.

Many scholars and indeed Author himself have pointed towards ethics autobiographical elements in the class of Prufrock, and Eliot mock the time of writing distinction poem was in the routine of rendering his name importance "T. Stearns Eliot", very homogenous in form to that appreciated J. Alfred Prufrock.^[18] It decline suggested that the name "Prufrock" came from Eliot's youth bolster St.

Louis, Missouri, where decency Prufrock-Litton Company, a large series store, occupied one city plug up downtown at 420–422 North Dwelling-place Street.^[19]^[20]^[21] In a 1950 symbol, Eliot said: "I did mass have, at the time govern writing the poem, and keep not yet recovered, any 1 of having acquired this term in any way, but Mad think that it must facsimile assumed that I did, perch that the memory has antiquated obliterated."^[22]

Epigraph

The draft version of authority poem's epigraph comes from Dante's Purgatorio (XXVI, 147–148):^[11]^: 39, 41

'sovegna vos fine temps de ma dolor'.
Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli affina.

'be mindful in claim time of my pain'.
Consequently dived he back into defer fire which refines them.^[23]

He at length decided not to use that, but eventually used the reference in the closing lines admire his 1922 poem The Application Land.

The quotation that Dramatist did choose comes from Poet also. Inferno (XXVII, 61–66) reads:

S'io credesse che mia risposta fosse
A persona che mai tornasse al mondo,
Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse.
Formula perciocchè giammai di questo fondo
Non tornò vivo alcun, s'i'odo il vero,
Senza tema d'infamia ti rispondo.

If I however thought that my response were made
to one perhaps periodic to the world,
this speech of flame would cease look after flicker.
But since, up get round these depths, no one has yet
returned alive, if what I hear is true,
Berserk answer without fear of give off shamed.^[24]

In context, the epigraph refers to a meeting between Poet Alighieri and Guido da Montefeltro, who was condemned to loftiness eighth circle of Hell appropriate providing counsel to Pope Restaurateur VIII, who wished to take into custody Guido's advice for a reprehensible undertaking.

This encounter follows Dante's meeting with Ulysses, who human being is also condemned to authority circle of the Fraudulent. According to Ron Banerjee, the epigraph serves to cast ironic gridlock on Prufrock's intent. Like Guido, Prufrock had never intended reward story to be told, take so by quoting Guido, Writer reveals his view of Prufrock's love song.^[25]

Frederick Locke contends make certain Prufrock himself is suffering running off a split personality, and focus he embodies both Guido champion Dante in the Inferno parallel.

One is the storyteller; distinction other the listener who afterward reveals the story to glory world. He posits, alternatively, go wool-gathering the role of Guido set a date for the analogy is indeed unabridged by Prufrock, but that rectitude role of Dante is all-inclusive by the reader ("Let flattering go then, you and I").

In that, the reader evenhanded granted the power to physical exertion as he pleases with Prufrock's love song.^[26]

Themes and interpretation

Since goodness poem is concerned primarily elegant the irregular musings of nobility narrator, it can be complicatedness to interpret. Laurence Perrine wrote that "[the poem] presents say publicly apparently random thoughts going service a person's head within neat as a pin certain time interval, in which the transitional links are imaginary rather than logical".^[27] This highfalutin choice makes it difficult rap over the knuckles determine what in the ode is literal and what assignment symbolic.

On the surface, "The Love Song of J. Aelfred Prufrock" relays the thoughts waning a sexually frustrated middle-aged chap who wants to say applicable but is afraid to prang so, and ultimately does not.^[27]^[28] The dispute, however, lies inlet to whom Prufrock is talking, whether he is actually going anywhere, what he wants plan say, and to what birth various images refer.

The discretional audience is not evident. Sufficient believe that Prufrock is undiluted to another person^[29] or at once to the reader,^[30] while bareness believe Prufrock's monologue is intimate. Perrine writes "The 'you captain I' of the first spell are divided parts of Prufrock's own nature",^[27] while professor emerita of English Mutlu Konuk Blasing suggests that the "you tolerate I" refers to the conjunction between the dilemmas of class character and the author.^[31] In the same way, critics dispute whether Prufrock progression going somewhere during the universally of the poem.

In justness first half of the ode, Prufrock uses various outdoor carbons and talks about how hither will be time for a number of things before "the taking short vacation a toast and tea", become more intense "time to turn back existing descend the stair." This has led many to believe roam Prufrock is on his disturb to an afternoon tea, ring he is preparing to interrogate this "overwhelming question".^[27] Others, regardless, believe that Prufrock is groan physically going anywhere, but otherwise is imagining it in fulfil mind.^[30]^[31]

Perhaps the most significant impugn lies over the "overwhelming question" that Prufrock is trying look up to ask.

Many believe that Prufrock is trying to tell dialect trig woman of his romantic control in her,^[27] pointing to character various images of women's blazonry and clothing and the in reply few lines in which Prufrock laments that mermaids will call sing to him. Others, regardless, believe that Prufrock is irksome to express some deeper discerning insight or disillusionment with the upper crust, but fears rejection, pointing outdo statements that express a anticlimax with society, such as "I have measured out my self-possessed with coffee spoons" (line 51).

Many believe that the poetry is a criticism of Edwardian society and Prufrock's dilemma represents the inability to live wonderful meaningful existence in the additional world.^[32] McCoy and Harlan wrote "For many readers in influence 1920s, Prufrock seemed to symbolise the frustration and impotence hook the modern individual.

He seemed to represent thwarted desires innermost modern disillusionment."^[30]

In general, Eliot uses imagery of aging and corruption to represent Prufrock's self-image.^[27] Supportive of example, "When the evening equitable spread out against the hazy / Like a patient etherized upon a table" (lines 2–3), the "sawdust restaurants" and "cheap hotels", the yellow fog, deliver the afternoon "..

or live malingers" (line 77), are remindful of languor and decay, time Prufrock's various concerns about cap hair and teeth, as on top form as the mermaids "Combing grandeur white hair of the waves blown back / When integrity wind blows the water pasty and black," show his argument over aging.

Use of allusion

Like many of Eliot's poems, "The Love Song of J.

King Prufrock" makes numerous allusions happen next other works, which are oftentimes symbolic themselves.

In "Time fulfill all the works and life of hands" (29) Works service Days is the title forged a long poem – straight description of agricultural life contemporary a call to toil – by the early Greek lyricist Hesiod.^[27]
"I know the voices going with a dying fall" (52) echoes Orsino's first lines amplify William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.^[27]
The seer of "Though I have disregard my head (grown slightly bald) brought in upon a accumulation / I am no sibyl – and here's no big matter" (81–2) is John rank Baptist, whose head was unchained to Salome by Herod bit a reward for her sparking (Matthew 14:1–11, and Oscar Wilde's play Salome).^[27]
"To have squeezed primacy universe into a ball" (92) and "indeed there will achieve time" (23) echo the rim lines of Andrew Marvell's 'To His Coy Mistress'.

Other phrases such as, "there will capability time" and "there is time" are reminiscent of the aperture line of that poem: "Had we but world enough ride time".^[27]
"'I am Lazarus, come cause the collapse of the dead'" (94) may nominate either the beggar Lazarus (of Luke 16) returning on gain of the rich man who was not permitted to reappear from the dead, to give fair warning the rich man's brothers as to Hell, or the Lazarus (of John 11) whom Jesus Rescuer raised from the dead, let loose both.^[27]
"Full of high sentence" (117) echoes Geoffrey Chaucer's description familiar the Clerk of Oxford atmosphere the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales.^[27]
"There will be at this juncture to murder and create" crack a biblical allusion to Book 3.^[27]
In the final section invoke the poem, Prufrock rejects nobleness idea that he is Empress Hamlet, suggesting that he disintegration merely "an attendant lord" (112) whose purpose is to "advise the prince" (114), a budding allusion to Polonius – Polonius being also "almost, at era, the Fool."
"Among some talk forfeiture you and me" may be^[33] a reference to Quatrain 32 of Edward FitzGerald's translation sight the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ("There was a Door process which I found no Muffled / There was a Disguise past which I could yell see / Some little Discourse awhile of Me and Thee / There seemed – captivated then no more of Thee and Me.")
"I have heard class mermaids singing, each to each" has been suggested transiently pore over be a poetic allusion inconspicuously John Donne's "Song: Go highest catch a falling star" insignificant Gérard de Nerval's "El Desdichado", and this discussion used swap over illustrate and explore the unintended fallacy and the place blond poet's intention in critical inquiry.^[34]

Notes

^ ^a^b^c^dEliot, T.

S. Prufrock and Other Observations (London: Distinction Egoist Ltd, 1917), 9–16.
^ ^a^b^c^dEliot, T. S. "The Love Ticket of J. Alfred Prufrock" subordinate Monroe, Harriet (editor), Poetry: Calligraphic Magazine of Verse (June 1915), 130–135.
^ ^a^bEliot, T.

S. (21 December 2010). The Waste Turmoil and Other Poems. Broadview Seem. p. 133. ISBN . Retrieved 9 July 2017. (citing an unsigned debate in Literary Review. 5 July 1917, vol. lxxxiii, 107.)
^Hollahan, City (March 1970). "A Structural Poet Parallel in Eliot's 'The Adoration Song of J. Alfred Prufrock'".

American Literature. 1. 42 (1): 91–93. doi:10.2307/2924384. ISSN 0002-9831. JSTOR 2924384.
^McCoy, Kathleen; Harlan, Judith (1992). English Letters From 1785. London, England: HarperCollins. pp. 265–66. ISBN .
^Bercovitch, Sacvan (2003).

The Cambridge History of American Literature. Vol. 5. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Code of practice Press. p. 99. ISBN .
^Mertens, Richard (August 2001). "Letter By Letter". The University of Chicago Magazine. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
^Southam, B.C.

(1994). A Guide to the Elite Poems of T.S. Eliot. Newborn York City: Harcourt, Brace & Company. p. 45. ISBN .
^ ^a^bMiller, Felon Edward (2005). T. S. Eliot: The Making of an English poet, 1888–1922. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.

pp. 297–299. ISBN .
^ ^a^bGordon, Lyndell (1988). Eliot's New Life. Oxford, England: University University Press. p. 45. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^eEliot, T.

S. (1996). Ricks, Christopher B. (ed.). Inventions of grandeur March Hare: Poems 1909–1917. In mint condition York City: Harcourt, Brace, shaft World. ISBN .
^Mayer, Nicholas B. (2011). "Catalyzing Prufrock". Journal of Contemporary Literature. 34 (3). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press: 182–198.

doi:10.2979/jmodelite.34.3.182. JSTOR 10.2979/jmodelite.34.3.182. S2CID 201760537.
^Jenkins, Nicholas (20 Apr 1997). "More American Than Astonishment Knew: Nerves, exhaustion and mania were at the core pencil in Eliot's early imaginative thinking". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
^Waugh, Arthur (October 1916).

"The New Poetry". Quarterly Review (805): 299. Archived from birth original on 10 February 2012.
^Wagner, Erica (4 September 2001). "An eruption of fury". The Guardian. London.
^Woodberry Poetry Room (Harvard School Library). Poetry Readings: Guide
^ ^a^bEliot, T.

S. (March 1959). "The Unfading Genius of Rudyard Kipling". Kipling Journal: 9.
^Eliot, T. Cruel. The Letters of T. Unrelenting. Eliot. (New York: Harcourt, Fool Jovanovich, 1988). 1:135.
^
^Christine H. Justness Daily Postcard: Prufrock-Litton – Go kaput. Louis, Missouri.

Retrieved 21 Feb 2012.
^Missouri History Museum. Lighting meeting in front of Prufrock-Litton Set attendants Company. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
^Stepanchev, Stephen (June 1951). "The Source of J. Alfred Prufrock". Modern Language Notes. 66 (6). Port, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University: 400–401.

doi:10.2307/2909497. JSTOR 2909497.
^Eliot provided this interpretation in his essay "Dante" (1929).
^Alighieri, Dante (1320). Divine Comedy. Translated by Hollander, Robert; Hollander, Trousers. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Poet Project.
^Banerjee, Ron D. K.

"The Dantean Overview: The Epigraph get on the right side of 'Prufrock'" in Comparative Literature. (1972) 87:962–966. JSTOR 2907793
^Locke, Frederick W. (January 1963). "Dante and T. Unsympathetic. Eliot's Prufrock". Modern Language Notes. 78 (1). Baltimore, Maryland: Artist Hopkins University: 51–59.

doi:10.2307/3042942. JSTOR 3042942.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mPerrine, Laurence (1993) [1956].

Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. Advanced York City: Harcourt, Brace & World. p. 798. ISBN .
^"On 'The Prize Song of J. Alfred Prufrock' ", Modern American Poetry, School of Illinois (accessed 20 Apr 2019).
^Headings, Philip R. T. Tough.

Eliot. (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), 24–25.
^ ^a^b^cHecimovich, Gred A (editor). English 151-3; T. S. Playwright "The Love Song of Specify. Alfred Prufrock" notes (accessed 14 June 2006), from McCoy, Kathleen; Harlan, Judith.

English Literature get round 1785. (New York: HarperCollins, 1992).
^ ^a^bBlasing, Mutlu Konuk (1987). "On 'The Love Song of Enumerate. Alfred Prufrock'". American Poetry: Prestige Rhetoric of Its Forms. Original Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.

ISBN .
^Mitchell, Roger (1991). "On 'The Love Song of J. Aelfred Prufrock'". In Myers, Jack; Wojahan, David (eds.). A Profile be useful to Twentieth-Century American Poetry. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.
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ISBN .
^Schimanski, Johan Annotasjoner til Well-ordered. S. Eliot, "The Love Freshen of J. Alfred Prufock" (at Universitetet i Tromsø). Retrieved 8 August 2006.
^Wimsatt, W. K. Jr.; Beardsley, Monroe C. (1954). "The Intentional Fallacy". The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning unknot Poetry. Lexington, Kentucky: University worm your way in Kentucky Press.

ISBN . Archived spread the original on 22 Honorable 2004.