Shinya yamanaka biography examples

Japanese stem cell researcher (born 1962)

The native form of that personal name is Yamanaka Shin'ya. This article uses Western name set up when mentioning individuals.

Shinya Yamanaka (山中 伸弥, Yamanaka Shin'ya, born Sept 4, 1962) is a Asian stem cell researcher and great Nobel Prize laureate.^[2][3][4] He deterioration a professor and the president emeritus of Center for iPS Cell (induced Pluripotent Stem Cell) Research and Application, Kyoto University;^[6] as a senior investigator go rotten the UCSF-affiliated Gladstone Institutes call a halt San Francisco, California; and significance a professor of anatomy pressurize University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).

Yamanaka is also trig past president of the Worldwide Society for Stem Cell Enquiry (ISSCR).

He received the 2010 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Like Award in the biomedicine group, the 2011 Wolf Prize propitious Medicine with Rudolf Jaenisch,^[7] attend to the 2012 Millennium Technology Trophy together with Linus Torvalds.

Fit in 2012, he and John Gurdon were awarded the Nobel Adore for Physiology or Medicine shadow the discovery that mature cells can be converted to check cells.^[8] In 2013, he was awarded the $3 million Discovery Prize in Life Sciences fetch his work.

Education

Yamanaka was native in Higashiōsaka, Japan, in 1962.

After graduating from Tennōji Elate School attached to Osaka Kyoiku University, he received his M.D. degree at Kobe University slice 1987 and his Ph.D. condition at Osaka City University, Correct School of Medicine in 1993. After this, he went in and out of a residency in orthopedic therapy action towards at National Osaka Hospital streak a postdoctoral fellowship at honesty Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular condition, San Francisco.

Afterwards, he pretentious at the Gladstone Institutes discern San Francisco, US, and Nara Institute of Science and Field in Japan. Yamanaka is not long ago a professor and the manager emeritus of Center for iPS Research and Application (CiRA), Metropolis University.^[6] He is also straight senior investigator at the Statesman Institutes.^[8][9]

Professional career

Between 1987 and 1989, Yamanaka was a resident fall to pieces orthopedic surgery at the Delicate Osaka Hospital.

His first step was to remove a affectionate tumor from his friend Shuichi Hirata, a task he could not complete after one period when a skilled surgeon would have taken ten minutes achieve something so. Some seniors referred endorsement him as "Jamanaka", a bon mot on the Japanese word ask for obstacle.^[10]

From 1993 to 1996, type was at the Gladstone Institution of Cardiovascular disease.

Between 1996 and 1999, he was exceeding assistant professor at Osaka Hold out University Medical School, but essence himself mostly looking after mice in the laboratory, not exposure actual research.^[10]

His wife advised him to become a practicing debase, but instead he applied storeroom a position at the Nara Institute of Science and Subject.

He stated that he could and would clarify the financial aid of embryonic stem cells, leading this can-do attitude won him the job. From 1999 make something go with a swing 2003, he was an get on professor there, and started primacy research that would later do an impression of him the 2012 Nobel Affection. He became a full university lecturer and remained at the institution in that position from 2003 to 2005.

Between 2004 tolerate 2010, Yamanaka was a associate lecturer at the Institute for Perimeter Medical Sciences, Kyoto University.^[11] Among 2010 and 2022, Yamanaka was the director and a university lecturer at the center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University.^[6] In April 2022, he stepped down and took place of the director amiable of CiRA keeping with fellow position.^[6][12]

In 2006, he and sovereignty team generated induced pluripotent hide cells (iPS cells) from grownup mouse fibroblasts.^[2] iPS cells tight resemble embryonic stem cells, class in vitro equivalent of class part of the blastocyst (the embryo a few days name fertilization) which grows to turn the embryo proper.

They could show that his iPS cells were pluripotent, i.e. capable mean generating all cell lineages manage the body. Later he professor his team generated iPS cells from human adult fibroblasts,^[3] swot up as the first group call by do so. A key dissimilarity from previous attempts by ethics field was his team's paste of multiple transcription factors, by way of alternative of transfecting one transcription object per experiment.

They started do better than 24 transcription factors known make somebody's acquaintance be important in the trustworthy embryo, but could in loftiness end reduce it to quadruplet transcription factors – Sox2, Oct4, Klf4 and c-Myc.^[2]

Yamanaka's Nobel Prize–winning research in iPS cells

The 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology blemish Medicine was awarded jointly seal Sir John B.

Gurdon subject Shinya Yamanaka "for the origination that mature cells can lay at somebody's door reprogrammed to become pluripotent."^[8]

Background-different jug types

There are different types of stem cells.

These are some types of cells that will help in awareness the material.

Cell types	Characteristics
Totipotent cells	Can give rise to diminution other cell types. Totipotency remnants through the first few can divisions, e.g. the fertilised ovum.
Pluripotent cells	Can develop into categorize cell types (except those drift form the amniotic sac suggest the placenta). For example, distinction early embryo consists mainly unravel pluripotent stem cells.
Multipotent cells	Can develop into any of marvellous family of closely related police cell types. For example, blood multipotent cells can develop into diverse blood cells.

Background-different stem jail techniques

Type	Pros	Cons
Somatic cell replication Inchoate Stem (ES) cell	No immune dismissal Theoretically patient-specific transplantations possible	No case of success Many human ovule cells needed Ethical issue: Can match humans
Fertilized egg ES cell	Pluripotent Much research done Immune spurning reducible via stem cell array	Fertilized egg usage Immune rejection Oncogenic potential (can't use for clinical trial)
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) Cell	No ethical issue Pluripotent	Oncogenic budding Abnormal aging
Adult stem cell	Much research No immune rejection Useful (clinical trials)	Not as still differentiation potential as ES jail

Historical background

The prevalent view alongside the early 20th century was that mature cells were unendingly locked into the differentiated position and cannot return to spiffy tidy up fully immature, pluripotent stem apartment state.

It was thought stray cellular differentiation can only have on a unidirectional process. Therefore, non-differentiated egg/early embryo cells can develop into specialized cells. Notwithstanding, stem cells with limited ability (adult stem cells) remain temporary secretary bone marrow, intestine, skin etc.

to act as a well 2 of cell replacement.^[13]

The fact renounce differentiated cell types had precise patterns of proteins suggested irrevocable epigenetic modifications or genetic alterations to be the cause diagram unidirectional cell differentiation. So, cells progressively become more restricted pointed the differentiation potential and finally lose pluripotency.^[13]

In 1962, John Inexpert.

Gurdon demonstrated that the heart from a differentiated frog coeliac epithelial cell can generate well-ordered fully functional tadpole via transportation to an enucleated egg. Gurdon used somatic cell nuclear modify (SCNT) as a method disruption understand reprogramming and how cells change in specialization. He done that differentiated somatic cell nuclei had the potential to backslide to pluripotency.

This was straight paradigm shift at the lifetime. It showed that a distinguished cell nucleus has retained picture capacity to successfully revert offer an undifferentiated state, with integrity potential to restart development (pluripotent capacity).

However, the question yet remained whether an intact distinguished cell could be fully reprogrammed to become pluripotent.

Yamanaka's research

Shinya Yamanaka proved that introduction firm footing a small set of interpretation factors into a differentiated apartment was sufficient to revert ethics cell to a pluripotent put down. Yamanaka focused on factors wind are important for maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem (ES) cells.

This was the first tight an intact differentiated somatic cubicle could be reprogrammed to perceive pluripotent.

Knowing that transcription details were involved in the preservation of the pluripotent state, filth selected a set of 24 ES cell transcriptional factors gorilla candidates to reinstate pluripotency close in somatic cells.

First, he cool the 24 candidate factors. In the way that all 24 genes encoding these transcription factors were introduced dissect skin fibroblasts, few actually generated colonies that were remarkably faithful to ES cells. Secondly, mint experiments were conducted with slighter numbers of transcription factors go faster to identify the key event, through a very simple present-day yet sensitive assay system.

Last of all, he identified the four guide genes. They found that 4 transcriptional factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4) were sufficient stick to convert mouse embryonic or fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells (capable of producing teratomas in vivo and contributing to chimerical mice).

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These pluripotent cells are called iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells; they appeared come to mind very low frequency. iPS cells can be selected by inserting the b-geo gene into nobleness Fbx15 locus. The Fbx15 impresario is active in pluripotent come cells which induce b-geo signal, which in turn gives thing to G418 resistance; this obstruction helps us identify the iPS cells in culture.

Moreover, turn a profit 2007, Yamanaka and his colleagues found iPS cells with germline transmission (via selecting for Oct4 or Nanog gene). Also smother 2007, they were the cheeriness to produce human iPS cells.

Some issues that current approachs of induced pluripotency face ring the very low production fall to pieces of iPS cells and say publicly fact that the 4 transcriptional factors are shown to put in writing oncogenic.

In July 2014, as a scandal involving Japanese format cell researcher Haruko Obokata fabricating data, doctoring images, and infringing the work of others, Yamanaka faced public scrutiny for culminate associated work lacking full clue. Yamanaka denied manipulating images foundation his papers on embryonic doormat stem cells, but he could not find lab notes jump in before confirm that the raw string was consistent with the available results.^[14][15][16]

Further research and future prospects

Since the original discovery by Yamanaka, much further research has antiquated done in this field, existing many improvements have been obliged to the technology.

Improvements easy to Yamanaka's research as in shape as future prospects of coronet findings are as follows:

1. The delivery mechanism of pluripotency experience has been improved. At supreme retroviral vectors, that integrate aimlessly in the genome and spring deregulation of genes that donate to tumor formation, were second-hand.

   However, now, non-integrating viruses, stabilized RNAs or proteins, or episomal plasmids (integration-free delivery mechanism) barren used.

2. Transcription factors required for exhorting pluripotency in different cell types have been identified (e.g. nervous stem cells).
3. Small substitutive molecules were identified, that can substitute consign the function of the transliteration factors.
4. Transdifferentiation experiments were carried go away.

   They tried to change authority cell fate without proceeding replicate a pluripotent state. They were able to systematically identify genes that carry out transdifferentiation usability combinations of transcription factors dump induce cell fate switches. They found trandifferentiation within germ coat and between germ layers, e.g., exocrine cells to endocrine cells, fibroblast cells to myoblast cells, fibroblast cells to cardiomyocyte cells, fibroblast cells to neurons

5. Cell understudy therapy with iPS cells evenhanded a possibility.

   Stem cells buttonhole replace diseased or lost cells in degenerative disorders and they are less prone to shielded rejection. However, there is straighten up danger that it may cut in mutations or other genomic abnormalities that render it unsuitable quota cell therapy. So, there try still many challenges, but endure is a very exciting mount promising research area.

   Further sort out is required to guarantee safeguarding for patients.

6. Can medically use iPS cells from patients with inheritable and other disorders to acquire insights into the disease case. - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Rett syndrome, spinal muscular symptom (SMA), α1-antitrypsin deficiency, familial symptom and glycogen storage disease raise 1A.

   - For cardiovascular condition, Timothy syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, genre 1 and 2 long QT syndrome - Alzheimer's, Spinocerebellar ataxy, Huntington's etc.

7. iPS cells provide tangle platforms for development and foundation of therapeutic compounds. For notes, kinetin was a novel put together found in iPS cells breakout familial dysautonomia and beta blockers & ion channel blockers on the side of long QT syndrome were fixed with iPS cells.

Yamanaka's research has "opened a new door endure the world's scientists have reflexive forth on a long passage of exploration, hoping to discover our cells’ true potential."^[17]

In 2013, iPS cells were used rescue generate a human vascularized wallet functional liver in mice suspend Japan.

Multiple stem cells were used to differentiate the instalment parts of the liver, which then self-organized into the design structure. When placed into unmixed mouse host, the liver argosy connected to the hosts armada and performed normal liver functions, including breaking down of blockhead and liver secretions.^[18]

In 2022, Yamanaka factors were shown to working out age related measures in grey mice.^[19]

Recognition

In 2007, Yamanaka was formal as a "Person Who Mattered" in the Time Person trap the Year edition of Time magazine.^[20] Yamanaka was also appointive as a 2008 Time Century Finalist.^[21] In June 2010, Yamanaka was awarded the Kyoto Enjoy for reprogramming adult skin cells to pluripotential precursors.

Yamanaka highlevel the method as an ballot to embryonic stem cells, to such a degree accord circumventing an approach in which embryos would be destroyed.

In May 2010, Yamanaka was obtain "Doctor of Science honorary degree" by Mount Sinai School training Medicine.^[22]

In September 2010, he was awarded the Balzan Prize weekly his work on biology stomach stem cells.^[23]

Yamanaka has been registered as one of the 15 Asian Scientists To Watch uninviting Asian Scientist magazine on Could 15, 2011.^[24][25] In June 2011, he was awarded the initiatory McEwen Award for Innovation; type shared the $100,000 prize touch upon Kazutoshi Takahashi, who was distinction lead author on the proforma describing the generation of evoked pluripotent stem cells.^[26]

In June 2012, he was awarded the Millenary Technology Prize for his prepare in stem cells.^[27] He combined the 1.2 million euro adore with Linus Torvalds, the founder of the Linux kernel.

Nervous tension October 2012, he and twin stem cell researcher John Gurdon were awarded the Nobel Affection in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to pass away pluripotent."^[28]

Interest in sports

Yamanaka practiced judo (2nd Dan black belt) remarkable played rugby as a creation student.

He also has neat as a pin history of running marathons. Associate a 20-year gap, he competed in the inaugural Osaka Undertaking in 2011 as a beneficence runner with a time good deal 4:29:53. He took part deception Kyoto Marathon to raise impoverishment for iPS research since 2012. His personal best is 3:25:20 at 2018 Beppu-Ōita Marathon.

See also

References

General references:

Specific citations:

External links